Thomas Chatterton Manuscript Project
Engraved in 1866 after the Tate Gallery version of The Death of Chatterton
Edward Orme engraving of the death of Chatterton after Singleton 1794.
No, this is not Chatterton. It is a young Nun and she is sleeping not dying. It's just another owner marking the back of the painting as 'Death of Chatterton.'
Engraved in 1866 after the Tate Gallery version of The Death of Chatterton
How and why did Chatterton die?
Was it accident or suicide?
Wallis's picture above, imagines scraps of Chatterton's writings on the floor, apparently torn up in a fit of despair. According to 1777, page x, some of the scraps ended up in the possession of William Barrett, who arranged for Strutt to create the facsimile, shown below, which faces the transcript on p.288 in the same volume.
Chatterton's Opium Stained Pocket-Book
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Let's see now, how can we be sure of anything that happened 250+ years ago and counting? Well, I believe there is a consensus among those of us living in the Chatterton Universe :
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Chatterton did not kill himself for lack of food or lack of money.
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He was self-medicating for an STD with laudanum, or a lethal mixture of Calomel and Vitriol, and suffered an unintentional overdose, which resulted in his death.
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Both Donald S.Taylor & Dr. Nick Groom have evaluated Chatterton's income and expenditure and arrived at the same conclusion, that Chatterton had ample funds to buy food and cover his other expenses, so it wasn't want that took him to the grave.
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To read Donald S. Taylor's analysis of Chatterton's entries in his Pocket-Book, click the image below:
Taylor's Analysis of the Pocket-Book
Timeline of the Opium Stained Pocket-Book
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1769: Mary, Chatterton's sister, gives the pocket-book to Chatterton, as a gift.
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1770: On the 24th August 1770, Chatterton, according to a note by Dr Lort, buys calomel and vitriol from Cross the Apothecary.
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1770: The Pocket-Book is found in Chatterton's room and is returned to his mother, along with Catcott's letter and some other papers, probably during September 1770.
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1792: Sarah Chatterton dies. Mary inherits the family belongings.
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1804: Mary Newton, née Chatterton, presented (according to Meyerstein) the Pocket-Book to Mr Joseph Cottle. Too late for any of the contents to be included in the 1803 edition. I doubt that Mary would 'present' anything, it is more likely that, with a thought for her daughter, she was paid for the 'present.'
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18??: Joseph Cottle presents the Pocket Book to Bristol Museum or Library
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1874: Walter de Gray Birch draws attention to a deep stain that had penetrated the last leaf and can be traced through nineteen leaves.
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1907: In W. R. Barker's catalogue, the stain is described as a strong acid.
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1947: The first analysis of the stains, were arranged by Meyerstein. I have this information from the Wedmore Memorial Lecture, which Meyerstein read in April 1947. Dr Wallis states 'I cut a piece out of the stain on the back page and tested this. It gives a positive reaction for opium alkaloids (i.e. morphine, etc.).
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2014: Michael Doble, the chairman of the Thomas Chatterton Society, arranged for new tests to be carried out on the stains in the Pocket-Book. They can be viewed here, but, basically, they confirm that 'the spillage was indeed due to laudanum.'
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So, how sure can we be that Chatterton caused the stains to the notebook?
It is safe to say that when Chatterton collected the calomel and the vitriol from Cross, they were supplied unmixed. It is reasonable to assume that he kept the 'drugs' safe by placing them in separate pockets. One of the two drugs was contained in a phial, in the liquid form of Laudanum. So, did the phial of Laudanum end up in the same pocket as his Pocket-Book, and hence no traces of any other chemical? If it is true that Chatterton was trying to treat gonorrhœa, then you need to read how horrendous it could be, or, rather, how horrendous the treatment itself could be. A warning: before you click the previous link, please, if you are a male, cross your legs firmly.
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The earliest mention of the opium-stains on the pages of Chatterton's pocket-book, seem to date from 1874. So what are the possibilities regarding the origin of the stains?
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Is there really no mention of the opium stains before 1874?
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Did Joseph Cottle note the condition of the book when he got it from Mary?
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What date did Cottle donate the Pocket-Book to Bristol Library?
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Did the library make a note of the condition of the book when they received it from Cottle?
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The notebook was given to Sarah after the death of her son - did she cause the stains?
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Mary, Chatterton's sister, was, for a time, confined to an asylum; did she have the little pocket-book with her - and was she treated with opium?
Herbert Croft visits Chatterton's Garrett
Herbert Croft, in Love and Madness, writing in the guise of James Hackman, very movingly describes how strongly he felt when he visited the room in which Chatterton died.
The Death of Chatterton
Obfuscation & Confusion
Henry Wallis's painting The Death of Chatterton is beautiful indeed, but it depicts a deeply romanticized version of Chatterton's death. To get a little closer to reality take a look at the following engravings.
A Stipple Engraving, Published 1794
Edward Orme, after Henry Singleton
Published in 1794, 62 years before the painting by Henry Wallis. Note the shirt ripped asunder in anguish, the snuffed out candle, the torn manuscripts, the empty phial of poison on the floor, and the discarded shoe - now, where did Wallis get his inspiration? Note too, the Scroll on the wall where you will barely make out the word Bristol. Look closer still and explore further, use a magnifying glass if needed, or zoom in to a scarcely discernable image of - I wonder, perhaps it is of a muse holding a Lyre - a play on words mayhap! If anyone reads this engraving differently then do let me know.
Bartolozzi's Engraving
for the Poem Retirement
by J. H. L. Hunt
We all know that George Meredith was the model for Wallis's famous painting; but did you know that the gruesome engraving with the rats, by Bartolozzi (1727-1815), after a painting by Raphael Lamar West (1766-1850), and which was listed as The Death of Chatterton by the British Museum and the National Portrait Gallery, is not a representation of the death of Chatterton at all - or is it?
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The engraving is devoid of anything representing Chatterton, no torn manuscripts, no unlit or dying candle, and no empty phial of poison - I think that sums it up and shows the image for what it is, generic.
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The NPG copy of the engraving, shown above, has been taken from Juvenilia , a book of poems by J. H. Leigh Hunt. The two lines of poetry at the foot of the engraving come from Hunt's poem 'Retirement.' The two lines also appear on the page facing the engraving. It seems that the engraving only becomes a portrait of Chatterton after the addition of the handwritten annotation by some unknown hand.
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We could confirm the truth of it if we had sight of Raphael Lamar West's original painting with whatever title he gave it; I have searched high and low and can find no trace of it.
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However, I do have this from Wiki, referring to J. H. L. Hunts' book :
'A frontispiece by Francesco Bartollozi based on a painting by Raphael West was included in the edition based on an allegorical representation of penury from Hunt's poem "Retirement",' the note comes from Fiery Heart, by Roe, 2005.
The Death of Chatterton
or, actually,
'The First Night in a Convent'
You can now add the delightful little watercolour by John Absolon, 1815-1895, to the list. It was up for sale during 2020, and was listed by the auctioneer as 'The Death of Chatterton' simply because someone had written that title on the back of it. After a little research I found that the actual title is 'The First Night in a Convent'. The model lying in the Chatterton pose, is actually a young nun - and she is sleeping, not dying! Here's a link to the Getty site, which confirms the attribution : View
Chatterton had 'The Foul Disease' ?
The manuscript below is in the hand of the Rev. Michael Lort. It records a conversation he had with Mr Cross the apothecary. I will put the whole document on in due course - with a transcript. In the mean time, here's Meyerstein quoting Lort from this very document: 'Mr Cross says he [Chatterton] had the foul disease which he wd cure himself and had calomel and vitriol of Cross for that purpose who cautioned him against the too free use of these particularly the latter.'
Rev. Lort's Ms. re Cross & Chatterton
Where is Chatterton Buried ?
Was Chatterton thrown into a pauper's grave in London, or was he brought back to Bristol and buried in the family grave in St Mary Redcliffe churchyard ?
The less romantic among us would go with the general consensus, which is that he was buried in a pauper's grave in the burial ground of Shoe Lane Workhouse.
Even though we have proof that Shoe Lane was Chatterton's first resting place. There is nothing to stop the first visitors to Holborn from Bristol arranging to have him brought home - why else would they have gone there? Sometimes it is worth considering emotions alongside 'proof.'
To sum up ; where Chatterton rests is open to conjecture!​
The Shoe Lane Resurrection Stone
The rather gruesome sculpture, shown above, is known as The Resurrection Stone. It depicts cherubs calling the dead from their coffins. These days it is over a doorway at St Andrew's Church, Holborn. But, in earlier times, and during Chatterton's internment, it was over the doorway of the paupers burial ground in Shoe Lane, Holborn. The little snippet above is cut from The Annual Register for 1766, published in 1767.
The sculpture first came to my notice via the Flickering Lamps website, where more excellent images of the sculpture can be seen.​
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​Some questions remain unsolvable, but Sherlock Homes had the right idea; 'when you have excluded the impossible whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth'. I only mention Holmes because there is a scene in a Sherlock Holmes movie with Sherlock lying on a bed in an attic room in the Wallis pose - coincidental or intentional?
The Death of Chatterton
(Sherlock Holmes as Chatterton)
Howe woe-be-gone, how withered, forwynd, deade!
Film stock from the 2009 film 'Sherlock Holmes, Holmes for the Holiday' staring Robert Downey Jr., Jude Law, & Rachel McAdams : View
Links to Chatterton's Works & Correspondence
Call it what you will, authentic, doubtful, lost, or plainly wrong - if it was linked with Chatterton it will be included in Chatterton's Works & Correspondence. This will be the base point from which we can examine every piece of work, and add notes and links accordingly.